Perfil de ensino do professor de ciências: concetualização e validação

As ciências são um elemento central da cultura contemporânea pelo que a educação científica tem de ser vista como um direito essencial dos cidadãos. A qualidade do ensino das ciências na escola torna-se, portanto, um especial foco de interesse, científico, político e social, ao nível local, nacional, e global. A investigação em educação em ciências tem produzido conhecimentos que permitem compreender os problemas e fundamentar decisões conducentes a um ensino de ciências ajustado aos desafios atuais. Por outro lado, várias organizações internacionais (UE, OCDE e UNESCO) também têm produzido documentos que visam regular as políticas globais de ensino de ciências, assumindo que a educação científica dos cidadãos é uma condição para a prosperidade económica e social de qualquer estado. Assim, atualmente, existe um acervo documental extenso e diverso relativo ao ensino de ciências, pelo que se impõe um exercício de análise e síntese que identifique quais as orientações-chave que devem ser consideradas. O ensino de nível secundário (ISCE2 e ISCE3), sendo uma etapa em que os jovens fazem escolhas pessoais e vocacionais importantes, merece particular atenção, pois diversos estudos revelam que regista níveis preocupantes de abandono e de desinteresse pelas áreas científicas e tecnológicas. Sendo as práticas dos professores um dos principais fatores de inovação e mudança importa sistematizar os conhecimentos científicos que explicam a sua complexidade e podem orientar a promoção da sua qualidade. O estudo que se apresenta situa-se na confluência de todos estes interesses e visou duas finalidades: delimitar um conceito unificador que permita estudar e desenvolver a qualidade das práticas dos professores de ciências de nível secundário; desenvolver um instrumento de inquérito que operacionalize esse conceito, numa perspetiva de investigação, formação e supervisão de práticas de ensino de ciências. O plano da investigação decorreu em duas fases. Na fase I foi delimitado o conceito perfil de ensino do professor de ciências (PEPC); este estrutura-se em três dimensões – didática, epistemológica e psicológica – cujos referenciais teórico-empíricos decorreram de revisão sistemática de literatura e de abordagem empírica de natureza exploratória e qualitativa, baseada em entrevistas a professores de ciências. Na fase II foi construído e validado o questionário do perfil de ensino do professor de ciências (QPEPC); este contém itens empiricamente situados, construídos a partir do discurso dos professores entrevistados na fase I e seguidamente validados. A validação de QPEPC envolveu dois processos de inquérito por questionário e uma metodologia mista de investigação (análise de conteúdo e análise estatística de dados): a primeira validação contou com um painel internacional de 12 especialistas em didática de ciências; a segunda validação envolveu 184 professores de ciências portugueses. Concluindo-se que QPEPC avalia duas dimensões de PEPC, construíram-se índices e modelos gráficos para facilitar a interpretação dos dados recolhidos. Analisaram-se limitações e potencialidades heurísticas de PEPC e QPEPC, enquanto produtos da investigação, perspetivando o seu uso em contextos diversos, nomeadamente futuras investigações e cenários de formação, reflexão e supervisão de professores de ciências.

Applying the motivation-hygiene theory as a means of measuring learner satisfaction with blended learning courses in higher education

This study describes research on a postgraduate blended learning programme within the Department of Education at the University of Aveiro in Portugal. It is based on a multi-philosophical paradigm and examines students‟ satisfaction levels through the application of Herzberg‟s Motivation and Hygiene Theory. The main question being addressed in this research is: “Can the Motivation and Hygiene Theory be adopted as a means to measure student satisfaction with their blended learning environment?” Embedded within this research question are four fundamental questions which set the scene for the development of this research study and are explored in greater detail in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively: 1. What are the factors responsible for bringing about learning satisfaction with their b-Learning course? 2. What are the factors responsible for bringing about learning dissatisfaction with their b-Learning course? 3. Can these factors be represented as Motivation and Hygiene factors? 4. Will this method of measuring learning satisfaction lead to a set of guidelines that could be considered as a framework for the development of b-Learning courses? The results indicate that the Motivation and Hygiene Theory or an adapted version such as the Enricher and Enabler Theory proposed in this study could be considered as a plausible means of analysing an institution‟s b-Learning processes. The opportunity to carry out future research is evident and can be varied depending on the research objectives in mind. Examples where further exploration would be beneficial lay within the application of this theory to the wider sector; the use of larger samples, focusing on the teachers, as well as the learners and the application of Web 2.0 technologies as means of gathering information. The results of this research will be of great significance to those areas of education that are interested in locating quick and efficient means by which to evaluate their b-Learning and to no lesser extent e-Learning environments.

Revenue diversification in higher education: the case of Portugal

Socio-economic changes, alterations in societal expectations and new public policies have put pressures on higher education public funding, bringing the issue of funding diversification to the forefront. Income diversification, namely, generation of funds from private, as well as from competitive public sources, has become increasingly important in European higher education due to a complex financial environment and perceived deficit of innovation transfer. Although there are numerous studies about changes in national funding systems and allocation mechanisms, few have focused on diversification of funding sources, especially in the European context, making Portugal no exception. Thus, this study aims at exploring income diversification at the institutional level and its influence on the internal organisational structures. For this purpose two Portuguese public universities were chosen as case studies. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews with top management and middle management of each university and through documentary analysis. Data analysis demonstrated that both universities are in the process of institutionalizing and formalising practices of income diversification, notably by getting more professional in how they are dealing with external stakeholders, such as businesses, local community, and students. However, the study also revealed that there is no formal, organised strategy to deal with income diversification. In general, the universities are reacting to external demands rather than pro-actively exploring opportunities. In this respect, the analysis determined several factors that promote or inhibit income diversification activities. Quality and favourable organizational culture were named by the interviewees as the most relevant factors for successful income diversification. External factors such as legal arrangements and funding conditions were cited as major constraints. This research has also revealed that revenue diversification activities tend to develop along the continuum towards higher sophistication and systematisation of activities that are supported by a powerful infrastructure. Together with efforts at the institutional level, the role of government policies proves to be crucial in providing tools and incentives to higher education institutions and creating a harmonious higher education system.

U-TRACER® - the use of communication technology in higher education - an information visualization tool for the context of Portuguese public higher education

Information Visualization is gradually emerging to assist the representation and comprehension of large datasets about Higher Education Institutions, making the data more easily understood. The importance of gaining insights and knowledge regarding higher education institutions is little disputed. Within this knowledge, the emerging and urging area in need of a systematic understanding is the use of communication technologies, area that is having a transformative impact on educational practices worldwide. This study focused on the need to visually represent a dataset about how Portuguese Public Higher Education Institutions are using Communication Technologies as a support to teaching and learning processes. Project TRACER identified this need, regarding the Portuguese public higher education context, and carried out a national data collection. This study was developed within project TRACER, and worked with the dataset collected in order to conceptualize an information visualization tool U-TRACER®. The main goals of this study related to: conceptualization of the information visualization tool U-TRACER®, to represent the data collected by project TRACER; understand higher education decision makers perception of usefulness regarding the tool. The goals allowed us to contextualize the phenomenon of information visualization tools regarding higher education data, realizing the existing trends. The research undertaken was of qualitative nature, and followed the method of case study with four moments of data collection.The first moment regarded the conceptualization of the U-TRACER®, with two focus group sessions with Higher Education professionals, with the aim of defining the interaction features the U-TRACER® should offer. The second data collection moment involved the proposal of the graphical displays that would represent the dataset, which reading effectiveness was tested by end-users. The third moment involved the development of a usability test to the UTRACER ® performed by higher education professionals and which resulted in the proposal of improvements to the final prototype of the tool. The fourth moment of data collection involved conducting exploratory, semi-structured interviews, to the institutional decision makers regarding their perceived usefulness of the U-TRACER®. We consider that the results of this study contribute towards two moments of reflection. The challenges of involving end-users in the conceptualization of an information visualization tool; the relevance of effective visual displays for an effective communication of the data and information. The second relates to the reflection about how the higher education decision makers, stakeholders of the U-TRACER® tool, perceive usefulness of the tool, both for communicating their institutions data and for benchmarking exercises, as well as a support for decision processes. Also to reflect on the main concerns about opening up data about higher education institutions in a global market.